Scientific model development for machinery safety using machine reliability, integrity and availability.

Machines are equipment that increases productivity and efficiency in a workplace. Machine Reliability, Integrity, and Availability are the most critical factors to ensure machinery safety in a workplace. Throughout this study, a series of reviews of previous literature are described in relation to the elements of reliability, integrity and availability. This study examines the methods used to investigate levels of each element as well as the results of performing the analysis. Each review is chosen from the aspect of the safety feature that can be interpreted from the research study. A scientific model that utilizes an improved Bottom-up Approach is proposed to further improve the worker's safety and enhance the productivity of an industry. Research shows that the chosen reviews have positive and negative change towards the level of machinery safety and a more substantial approach is needed to further strengthen the issue. The proposed model combines the effort of employee and various management organization as a team. The model is validated using Bias- Variance Trade off method that analyses the proposed model in a 27MW power plant with a selection of employee and management. Model validation proves that the proposed model is an effective method to increase the machinery reliability, integrity and availability in a workplace. The scientific methodology provided will help management as a team to avert mechanical accidents from occurring at an initial stage

Scientific Model Development for Machinery Safety using Machine Reliability, Integrity and Availability

Introduction: Machines are equipment that increases productivity and efficiency in a workplace. Machine Reliability, Integrity, and Availability are the most critical factors to ensure machinery safety in a workplace. Methods: Throughout this study, a series of reviews of previous literature are described in relation to the elements of reliability, integrity and availability. This study examines the methods used to investigate levels of each element as well as the results of performing the analysis. Each review is chosen from the aspect of the safety feature that can be interpreted from the research study. A scientific model that utilizes an improved Bottom-up Approach is proposed to further improve the worker's safety and enhance the productivity of an industry. Results: Research shows that the chosen reviews have positive and negative change towards the level of machinery safety and a more substantial approach is needed to further strengthen the issue. The proposed model combines the effort of employee and various management organization as a team. The model is validated using Bias- Variance Trade off method that analyses the proposed model in a 27MW power plant with a selection of employee and management. Conclusion:  Model validation proves that the proposed model is an effective method to increase the machinery reliability, integrity and availability in a workplace. The scientific methodology provided will help management as a team to avert mechanical accidents from occurring at an initial stage

A holistic team approach (HTA) model to curb machinery accidents in power plants.

Machinery accidents have been an important aspect that needs proper attention in all work places in recent years especially power plants. A large number of accident cases have been reported from the year 2018 to 2022. Accident report from DOSH (Department of Safety and Health Malaysia) indicates that a significant number of machinery accident cases occur in power plants while PERKESO (Social Security Organisation Malaysia)has investigated and tabulated accidents based on area of workplace and injury. Research shows that most statistical studies do not comprise of a preventive model to curb machinery accidents, which involves employees and management. A model that comprises of Machinery or Area of work (M) and the type of injury (I) is identified and summed in a form of a scientific equation which results in the possible accident type (α) which is the accident occurred. A Holistic Team Approach (HTA) model is designed that involves a team for each element M and I which comprises of engineers, technicians and operators working in the same area of equipment and a management representative. Each team is assigned to specific accidents according to the M and I element and classified as α-combinations. Teams are sent for incident investigation where preventive actions and reporting are discussed. A decision analysis is performed based on the model that emphasizes two Process Safety Management (PSM) elements which are accident investigation and employee participation. The HTA model is able to reduce machinery accidents by involving the elements of machinery and injury types, which is applicable to workplaces worldwide

Development of inherently safer design approaches to prevent or minimize toxic release accidents at the preliminary design stage

Inherent safety has been accepted as one of the best techniques to prevent or minimize major accidents in process plants. The best implementation is during the preliminary design stage. Even though it has been acknowledged as an attractive benefit in terms of safety and cost performance, the actual implementation of inherent safety in the process design stage is not widely implemented in the industries. The unavailability of a user friendly tool due to the lack of integration between process design simulators with inherent safety quantification is one of the difficulties for designing an inherently safer design process. Current research and development are focusing specifically for the case of explosion and fire only. None of these techniques were developed to prevent or minimize the major accidents due to toxic release accidents. Therefore, this work develops and proposes a new technique that can quantify the level of inherent safety for process routes, streams and evaluate the inherent risk for toxic release accidents. The combination of the above techniques provides the best solution which is known as 3-Tier Inherent Safety Quantification (3- TISQ). The 3-TISQ allows for risk reduction through the implementation of inherent safety principles during the preliminary design stage. A new concept of inherent risk based on a 2-region risk matrix that is suitable during the preliminary design stage is developed and used in the 3-TISQ

A study on anxiety level of foreign language students toward foreign language learning

A study was conducted to determine and compare the perceptions of University Teknologi Malaysia students towards the feeling of anxiety they experienced when learning the foreign language. Specifically, the objective of the study was to investigate and compare the perception of two groups of students taking the foreign language subject based on of the factors that contribute to the feeling of anxiety. Among the factors studied were communication apprehension, fear of negative evaluation, general feeling of anxiety and overall anxiety. Numerous variables that may affect the level of anxiety such as the students course, gender and race were studied. The instrument used for the survey was adapted from Horwitzs (1983) questionnaire. This Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) was designed to measure the levels of anxiety experienced by the foreign language students based on performance-related tasks. The questionnaire contained 33 items, each one on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree? (point 1 scale) to strongly disagree? (point 5 scale). The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 10.0 Windows and were represented in the form of descriptive statistics which include percentages, mean, t-score, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Least Significant Diffrence (LSD). The findings of the study indicate that students experienced some levels of anxiety in response to some aspects of foreign language learning. For the overall anxiety, Chinese and Malay students showed a higher level of anxiety compare with the Indian and other races students

EXPLOSION POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT OF HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK AT THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN STAGE

The failure of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers (STHE) is being extensively observed in the chemical process industries. This failure can cause enormous production loss and have a potential of dangerous consequences such as an explosion, fire and toxic release scenarios. There is an urgent need for assessing the explosion potential of shell and tube heat exchanger at the preliminary design stage. In current work, inherent safety index based approach is used to resolve the highlighted issue. Inherent Safety Index for Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (ISISTHE) is a newly developed index for assessing the inherent safety level of a STHE at the preliminary design stage. This index is composed of preliminary design variables and integrated with the process design simulator (Aspen HYSYS). Process information can easily be transferred from process design simulator to MS Excel spreadsheet owing to this integration. This index could potentially facilitate the design engineer to analyse the worst heat exchanger in the heat exchanger network. Typical heat exchanger network of the steam reforming process is presented as a case study and the worst heat exchanger of this network has been identified. It is inferred from this analysis that shell and tube heat exchangers possess high operating pressure, corrected mean temperature difference (CMTD) and flammability and reactive potential needs to be critically analysed at the preliminary design stage

Conceptual Framework for the Conservation of Natural Environment from Toxic Ionic Liquids by QSAR Model

The natural environment has been affected by human activities to fulfil daily life needs. Abundance and hazardousness of the chemicals including ionic liquids is one of the most challenging aspect to be handled by human as well as for the natural environment. Due to ionic structure, ionic liquids are very good choice for a variety of applications. The natural environment might be affected by the ionic liquids which can be toxic. Therefore, there is a need to address this problem by studying the ecotoxicological behaviour of these ionic liquids. The main objective of current research is to model the toxicity ecotoxicological behaviour is studied by quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR). QSARs predicts the toxicity of ionic liquids. In current research a relationship between polarizability and toxicity for imidazolium ionic liquids with different alky chain length having NTF2 anion has been modelled. The success of current research will be very helpful to protect the nature by minimizing the killing of testing animals as well as ensuring the safety of biotic components of the ecosystem

Gas Hydrate-Based Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Industrial Wastewater: A Review

Innovating methods for treating industrial wastewater containing heavy metals frequently incorporate toxicity-reduction technologies to keep up with regulatory requirements. This article reviews the latest advances, benefits, opportunities and drawbacks of several heavy metal removal treatment systems for industrial wastewater in detail. The conventional physicochemical techniques used in heavy metal removal processes with their advantages and limitations are evaluated. A particular focus is given to innovative gas hydrate-based separation of heavy metals from industrial effluent with their comparison, advantages and limitations in the direction of commercialization as well as prospective remedies. Clathrate hydrate-based removal is a potential technology for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater. In this work, a complete assessment of the literature is addressed based on removal efficiency, enrichment factor and water recovery, utilizing the gas hydrate approach. It is shown that gas hydrate-based treatment technology may be the way of the future for water management purposes, as the industrial treated water may be utilized for process industries, watering, irrigation and be safe to drink

Gas Hydrate-Based Heavy Metal Ion Removal from Industrial Wastewater: A Review

Innovating methods for treating industrial wastewater containing heavy metals frequently incorporate toxicity-reduction technologies to keep up with regulatory requirements. This article reviews the latest advances, benefits, opportunities and drawbacks of several heavy metal removal treatment systems for industrial wastewater in detail. The conventional physicochemical techniques used in heavy metal removal processes with their advantages and limitations are evaluated. A particular focus is given to innovative gas hydrate-based separation of heavy metals from industrial effluent with their comparison, advantages and limitations in the direction of commercialization as well as prospective remedies. Clathrate hydrate-based removal is a potential technology for the treatment of metal-contaminated wastewater. In this work, a complete assessment of the literature is addressed based on removal efficiency, enrichment factor and water recovery, utilizing the gas hydrate approach. It is shown that gas hydrate-based treatment technology may be the way of the future for water management purposes, as the industrial treated water may be utilized for process industries, watering, irrigation and be safe to drink